Brutalism
1955 - 1980
Coined in 1953 to describe the architectural work of a group of British architects, Brutalism in its early phase (originally called New Brutalism) was initially a design philosophy, not a style. The idea was to create an aesthetic based on the exposure of a building’s components: its frame, its sheathing, and its mechanical systems. Quickly however the term began to be applied to buildings that utilized monumental concrete forms and bulky massing. The style represents a revolt by architects against the corporate glass curtain wall and was often seen as a quick and easy way to construct long-lasting buildings.
While the style appeared early in the Pacific Northwest, the best examples date to the late 1960s. The style was rarely used for residential architecture and is mainly found on institutional building such as libraries, classrooms and museums. Small-scale commercial building such as banks also utilized the style.
Brutalism brought out the best and worst in what Modern architecture had to represent. In warmer desert climates, many Brutalist buildings have often come to be regarded as works of art. However, under the damp, gray skies of the Pacific Northwest, Brutalist buildings are often described as being unfriendly, cold and dark. The roughness of the exterior concrete soaks up moisture and turns black with age.
The term Brutalism is derived from the French word for rough concrete or “beton brut”. Brutalist structures have a heavy mass and scale. And their highly sculptural blocky shapes are often stacked together in various ways, creating an unbalanced look. Common design features include the “Russian Wedge” in which a wall plane projects outward on a slopped angle. Broad surfaces are often interrupted by deep-shadow penetrations of the buildings mass; vertical slots may contrast with broad oblong openings or tall openings with horizontal slots, while “egg-crate” effects are also much employed. The exterior treatment, as the name suggests, is usually exposed concrete, which is left rough to show the wooden formwork. However some examples of brick and stucco can be found. Fixed windows are set deep into the walls and are often small in relation to the size of the structure. Other common features include the use of “Waffle” slabs for floor and roof systems. As the name implies this cast-in-place building system utilized continuous pour of concrete with a coffered underside to reduce the weight of the slab. Such slabs were often left exposed.
Washington State Examples
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| Christ Episcopal Church Tacoma, 1969 |
Psychology Building - CWU Ellensburg, 1972 |
Library Prosser, c.1975 |
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| Freeway Park Seattle, 1976 |
Recreation Building - Everegreen State College Olympia, 1972 |
Washington Mutual Savings Bank Tacoma, 1972 |
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| Edmonds Community College Lynwood, 1970 |
Environmental Studies Bldg - WWU Bellingham, 1972 |
First National Bank of Enumclaw Enumclaw, 1971 |
For More Information
- Whiffen, Marcus. American Architecture Since 1780. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969.
- Mid-Century Modern Architecture in Washington State: Brutalism - Michael Houser - June 2014
- Onotario Architecture.com
- Drexler, Arthur. Transformations in Modern Architecture. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1979.
- Jencks, Charles. Late-Modern Architecture, Rizzoli Press, New York, NY 1980.
- Banham, Reyner "The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?" The Architectural Press, 1966 pg. 130.
- Banham, Reyner "The New Brutalism" The Architectural Review, No. 118. Dec. 1955 pg. 358-361
- Brutalism CLOG, Canada, June 2013, 2nd Edition
